Criminology

Mustafa Tören Yücel 
1. Edition
2004




MUSTAFA TÖREN YÜCEL LLM, JSD
Çankaya University Law Faculty

“Impulses within a person who cannot control his bodily appetites, drives the person away from his aims. There are irrational views in the opposite meaning and effect as well as rational ones.”
Aristo

“My forehead sweats from the fire in my heart upon remembering my sins.”
Ömer Hayyam

“If we knew that pressing a button would be enough to kill and be the heir of a Chinese scholar who we had never seen, but only heard of, who would not press the button?...” 
Rousseau

“They say that everybody can steal either in the houses or in the states. They say that the success is not giving people a chance to steal. They say that it is not the person stealing who is at fault, but the person letting him to steal...”
Reşat Nuri Güntekin, Damga

“...But people interpret the things on their own without considering their inherent meaning.”
Shakespare, Julies Caesar

The “Humanist Doctrine” concept, added to the scientific aspect of the esteemed jurist Dr. Mustafa Tören Yücel, makes his work much more valuable.                   

This work, dealing with lots of issues in the field of Criminology which are not mentioned in our country before and clarifying the mentioned ones, has to be counted as a contribution to the Criminology science.   

If the aim is to save the guilty “MAN”, practitioners will find the core of what they are looking for in the work of Dr. YÜCEL. In this work, any researcher, bound to his conscience of effort, will come across new ideas that will impel him to think more.      
Dr. YÜCEL may take pride in his work.                   

Prof. Dr. FARUK EREM(*)

____________________________________

(*) Criminology:-Crime and Punishment, Ankara, 1986, the introduction of our deceased teacher for my work.
 

Presentation

Nazire Dedeman
Founder President
Umut Foundation for Raising Proud Leaders / Umut Proud Leaders Raising Foundation

Actions classified as a guilt or crime at the legal level often do not face moral reproach at the level of social consciousness. Society discusses how some crimes are committed in such clever ways, how the criminal is so skilful, smart and cold-hearted, and how the victim can be so naive. The debate over whether the murderer or the victim is guilty apparently indicates the reality that murderer is often innocent of charge in the eye of the society, in spite of what the law may say. In the case of honour killings and murders committed by mutual fight, in particular, it is often the victim who is judged. Society does not blame the action which law specifies as a crime against society, and in taking this approach it is party to the crime. Thus the power of law is set in defiance of society. Weapons are unfortunately accepted as a part of the modern consumption culture. As society allows widespread use of weapons, they are no longer considered as a disgrace but as a status of power instead. Weapons are now in demand as a means of pleasure and, like drugs, weapons cause dependence and addiction. As boredom increases, the emotional bond with weapons becomes greater. The ability to supply goes beyond the limits and with the growing demand for weapons, any individual of the society can become a potential criminal.

What if individual arming continues? Large scale reproach of crimes committed by weapons will become more intense. The mentality will change, so the criminal’s action will no longer just be against the law, but the state authority will have more support in facing a crime increasingly seen as a crime against society. 

The image of ‘guilty’ will change. The guilty will no longer be seen as an individual hurt by his unfortunate past and affected by the defects of society. A social concept that ‘any armed individual may be guilty’ will materialise. Committing crimes will be professionalized. Oppression, with the help of weapons, will be spread. Gangsters, vagabonds and bandits will aim to take over society and the state.

The effort to guarantee one’s own life through weapons will present a threat to others. Crime will be inured and people will have more tendencies to arming. Weapons will then be so widespread that the state will meet another weapon that is supposed to be in its responsibility in its struggle to stop growing crime. The courts will work on arming issues, which will also be discussed by the media.
 
As George Picca said in the last century, criminology was born from deficiencies in the war against crime. The Umut Foundation was founded in 1993 with the aim of raising young individuals, who are the guarantee of our future, for their achievement of skills and personality to follow in Ataturk’s footsteps to support the improvement of our country and welfare of mankind, to help the society accept the superiority of law and contribute to its realization, to establish peaceful solutions for disputes with the understanding of our leader Ataturk - ‘Peace at home, peace in the world’ - by teaching and prepossessing individuals of this concept to reconcile in such a manner, as well as to maintain and improve a peaceful environment. Our activities have always been based on scientific grounds and concepts. Therefore, the book ‘Criminology’ by our respectful trustee and dear friend, Mustafa Toren Yucel, is very valuable to us and it is an honour to present this important source to our society

With my best wishes for everyone who worked on this subject and for the whole society.


Contents

 

Preamble  

1  Arithmetic of the Crime Phenomenon                                     

4

Changes in the Crime

6

Cost of the Crime

8

Guilt in the Dark

10

Estimating Theory and Crime

12

2  Deviation and the Crime Phenomenon

15

Deviation and Guilt

17

Appropriation of Law-Thoughts About Crime

18

Rationality of Criminal Law

20

The Location of the Criminal Law with its drawback

21

Kind of Sanction-Imprisonment

22

 Kind of Sanction-Social Tagging

24

Atonement/Settling up in the Punishment 

26

3  Theoric Criminology 

27

Causality

27

Classic and Positivist School

30

Socio-Economic Structures and Auto control

31

Crime and Consumption

32

Unemployment and Crime

36

Matrimony and Crime

36

Sociologic Theories

39

Theory of Necessity

39

Sutherland’s Theory of Distinctive Combination

41

Anomy Theory of Merton

43

Turkey Outlook

43

Subculture of the Guilty

44

Distinctive Opportunity

44

Perceptionist Behaviour Theory

46

Pluralist Guilt Theory

46

Biophysics Factors

47

Conditions Effective in Committing the Crime

48

Injured Parties

48

Life Standards

51

Summary of the Theoretic Opinions 

52

4  Benefits of Criminology 

54

Theoretic Approach              

55

5  Empiric Criminology    

57

Violence and Belligerence

57

Violence and Firearm

65

Violence and Preventing

70

Sexual Crimes

73

 Impropriety

75

Organised Crime

81

Theft

81

Narcotics/Medicine

87

6  Social Control

90

System of Crime Justice

91

Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions

93

Criminal Courts

94

Sanction of Crime

96

Differences in the Sanctions of Crime

98

Principles Peculiar to Sanction

100

Pardon

101

Expiry of Cases

105

Expiry of Sanctions

107

Search for a New Model in the Crime Sanction

107

Classic Model

107

Punishments Binding the Freedom

109

Social Justice Model

110

Rationality in the Punishment Justice

113

Penitentiaries

115

Control and Security in the Penitentiary Society

115

Proactive Approach Pertaining to the Dangerous Criminals

126

Penitentiary Paradox 

123

Principles Trial Peculiar to Turkish Penitentiaries

128

Risk Evaluation of the Convicts to be Released 

129

Performance Indications

129

7  Preventing the Crimes

134

Target Groups

135

Responsibility

136

Image of Preventing

137

Moeller

137

Central Records of Previous Convictions Peculiar to the Accused

141

8  Research and Evaluation

143

Application of Methodological Principles to Criminology

143

Quantitative  Research

145

Model Reference

147

Necessities of the Model

148

Cohort Research

149

9  The Last Work

150

10  Strategy Formation

153